Fizikcell.com

Russia, Denmark, USA, and a group of scientists from Chile, TUBITAK National Gözlemevi’nde (TUG) to the results and the optical observations with the Chandra X-ray satellite observations, using the dark energy of the cluster galaxies has delayed the development of took it forward.

Popular science magazine Science and Techniques of TUBITAK’s February issue in the news, according to various studies done in Antalya TUG’da the team leader Alexey Vikhlinin, galaxy clusters slowed growth reported in the last 5.5 billion years. Vikhlinin, slowing the “dark energy” is said indicator.

Science people, do not put out enough of the dark energy, Einstein proposed “kozmolojik hard” driving forces associated with a close and that “space” as defined in the space environment as a driving force is the feedback. The last ten years, the observations of the universe’s expansion was accelerating.

‘Bing Bang’ (Büyük Patlama) makinesini inşa eden Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Kurumu (CERN) yetkilileri, hızlandırıcıdaki arızayı çözmeye çalışıyor. CERN, geçtiğimiz Eylül’de bozulan cihazı yeniden çalıştırmayı önce ilkbahara, sonra da yaza ertelemişti.

Atom çarpıştırıcısındaki büyük arızanın yanlış elektrik bağlantısından kaynaklandığı tahmin ediliyor. Arıza nedeniyle 27 kilometre uzunluğundaki yer altı tünelinde bulunan makinenin çevresindeki atom altı parçacıkları hızlandırmakta kullanılan mıknatısların 53′ü onarım veya temizlik için yeryüzüne çıkarılmıştı.

Hızlandırıcı, ilk olarak 10 Eylül’de çalıştırılmıştı. Bilim adamları, yerin 100 metre altındaki tünelde proton huzmelerini neredeyse ışık hızında çarpıştırarak ortaya çıkacağını düşündükleri parçacıkları inceleyerek madde ve kainatın başlangıç şartları hakkında daha fazla bilgi sahibi olmayı tasarlıyor.

Within the next ten years expanding universe Gökbilimciler theory aims at finding the most concrete evidence. Of the universe 13.7 billion years ago aranan evidence remaining from the beginning of time and can be found with microscopic measurements of intensity to the waves. This at the same time, the first moment in the formation of the universe can be understood and can be observed to provide.

SEARCH DRAFT waves are

John Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, together with scientists from nine different universities in the world as one of the most powerful telescopes of the South Pole telescope (GKT) and the beginning of the universe and looking for evidence for evolution.

Teams in the calendar, to keep expanding the universe of course the most difficult test of the theory exists. For this, Einstein’s general theory of relativity predicts that the universe must be created as a result of the expansion of the wave must have shot is too weak.

It also expanded the universe of the various versions of the theory is correct to ensure the re-editing. Carlstrom explains this as follows: “If you can find images of waves that tell us everything about the universe expanding. At the moment it is less relevant than in the past have a different description. But none of this so extraordinary and hot ’scale, a Big Bang’in quantum fluctuations do not anticipate that you start with. ”

EVREN of different

And Fermi National Laboratuarları’ndan Professor Scott Carlstrom days Dodelsun past katldıkları ‘End of the Universe Start’ gave information about his work in conference. Conference between the parallel universe theory of the listeners out there was at Alan Guth.

TWO BIG irregularities

Dodelson conference said: “As you know in the universe is, by definition of the theory of the universe have no possibility of contact. However, research ways of expanding universe theory. According to this theory of universe formation has occurred in the two kinds of irregularities. The first atomic density of particles, with six occurring fluctuations and ongoing all over the universe. These fluctuations were observed by scientists already. ”

Atomic scale and the difference is they usually do not have to. But the cosmic dimension of enlargement in this instant you can ger. Theory that works in the state. And see how you can calculate the fluctuation of it to form the galaxies we see in this space is the result.

The second type of irregularity in space and time bending that Einstein is specified as the shooting waves are similar to define. Shooting of waves, gökbilimcilerin measuring electromagnetic radiation frequencies to reach the appropriate level of cosmic telescope to observe the possibility of there.

If John is working on tools Carlstrom’un this may occur if sensitive enough. ”

NEW Polarimeters HAZIRLANIYOR

South Pole telescope Carlstrom and his team (GKT) and make observations as well as working with the telescope, shooting wave gauge are working on a polarimeter.

Electromagnetic spectrum between infrared and microwave GKT wavelength can measure. Cosmic microwave radiation that occur after the Big Telescope Bang’den is crawling areas. The scientists would explain this as follows. The data obtained in cosmic GKT’nin drums and horn sounds like a symphony. Scientists are now lower than the symphony ears to detect sound waves that shot four are open.

Dark energy is DE SOLVING

The other big secret of the universe GKT dark energy is used to solve. Dark energy and the shooting power of the universe beyond it is lower. Dark energy is invisible but the effects last a few billion years, scientists in the sky as seen in field galaxies are beam.

After all of these questions will find answers to Dodelson hopeful: “We currently have part of the big picture of the physical laws which create them, but has yet to find physical laws bilmiyoruz.sonraki be our goal.”

A research team from Northeastern University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has discovered, serendipitously, that a residue of a process used to build arrays of titania nanotubes—a residue that wasn’t even noticed before this—plays an important role in improving the performance of the nanotubes in solar cells that produce hydrogen gas from water. Their recently published results* indicate that by controlling the deposition of potassium on the surface of the nanotubes, engineers can achieve significant energy savings in a promising new alternate energy system.

Titania (or titanium dioxide) is a versatile chemical compound best known as a white pigment. It’s found in everything from paint to toothpastes and sunscreen lotions. Thirty-five years ago Akira Fujishima startled the electrochemical world by demonstrating that it also functioned as a photocatalyst, producing hydrogen gas from water, electricity and sunlight. In recent years, researchers have been exploring different ways to optimize the process and create a commercially viable technology that, essentially, transforms cheap sunlight into hydrogen, a pollution-free fuel that can be stored and shipped.

Increasing the available surface area is one way to boost a catalyst’s performance, so a team at Northeastern has been studying techniques to build tightly packed arrays of titania nanotubes, which have a very high surface to volume ratio. They also were interested in how best to incorporate carbon into the nanotubes, because carbon helps titania absorb light in the visible spectrum. (Pure titania absorbs in the ultraviolet region, and much of the ultraviolet is filtered by the atmosphere.)

This brought them to the NIST X-ray spectroscopy beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS)**. The NIST facility uses X-rays that can be precisely tuned to measure chemical bonds of specific elements, and is at least 10 times more sensitive than commonly available laboratory instruments, allowing researchers to detect elements at extremely low concentrations. While making measurements of the carbon atoms, the team noticed spectroscopic data indicating that the titania nanotubes had small amounts of potassium ions strongly bound to the surface, evidently left by the fabrication process, which used potassium salts. This was the first time the potassium has ever been observed on titania nanotubes; previous measurements were not sensitive enough to detect it.

The result was mildly interesting, but became much more so when the research team compared the performance of the potassium-bearing nanotubes to similar arrays deliberately prepared without potassium. The former required only about one-third the electrical energy to produce the same amount of hydrogen as an equivalent array of potassium-free nanotubes. “The result was so exciting,” recalls Northeastern physicist Latika Menon, “that we got sidetracked from the carbon research.” Because it has such a strong effect at nearly undetectable concentrations, Menon says, potassium probably has played an unrecognized role in many experimental water-splitting cells that use titania nanotubes, because potassium hydroxide is commonly used in the cells. By controlling it, she says, hydrogen solar cell designers could use it to optimize performance.

* C. Richter, C. Jaye, E. Panaitescu, D.A. Fischer, L.H. Lewis, R.J. Willey and L. Menon. Effect of potassium adsorption on the photochemical properties of titania nanotube arrays. J. Mater. Chem., published online as an Advanced Article, March 27, 2009. DOI: 10.1039/b822501j

** The NSLS is part of the Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Mysterious Space Blob Discovered at Cosmic Dawn

Using information from a suite of telescopes, astronomers have discovered a mysterious, giant object that existed at a time when the universe was only about 800 million years old. Objects such as this one are dubbed extended Lyman-Alpha blobs; they are huge bodies of gas that may be precursors to galaxies. This blob was named Himiko for a legendary, mysterious Japanese queen. It stretches for 55 thousand light years, a record for that early point in time. That length is comparable to the radius of the Milky Way’s disk.

The researchers are puzzled by the object. Even with superb data from the world’s best telescopes, they are not sure what it is. Because it is one of the most distant objects ever found, its faintness does not allow the researchers to understand its physical origins. It could be ionized gas powered by a super-massive black hole; a primordial galaxy with large gas accretion; a collision of two large young galaxies; super wind from intensive star formation; or a single giant galaxy with a large mass of about 40 billion Suns. Because this mysterious and remarkable object was discovered early in the history of the universe in a Japanese Subaru field, the researchers named the object after the legendary mysterious queen in ancient Japan.

“The farther out we look into space, the farther we go back in time, “ explained lead author Masami Ouchi, a fellow at the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution who led an international team of astronomers from the U.S., Japan, and the United Kingdom. “I am very surprised by this discovery. I have never imagined that such a large object could exist at this early stage of the universe’s history. According to the concordance model of Big Bang cosmology, small objects form first and then merge to produce larger systems. This blob had a size of typical present-day galaxies when the age of the universe was about 800 million years old, only 6% of the age of today’s universe!”

Extended blobs discovered thus far have mostly been seen at a distance when the universe was 2 to 3 billion years old. No extended blobs have previously been found when the universe was younger. Himiko is located at a transition point in the evolution of the universe called the reionization epoch—it’s as far back as we can see to date. And at 55 thousand light years, Himiko is a big blob for that time.

This reionizing chapter in the universe was at the cosmic dawn, the epoch between about 200 million and one billion years after the Big Bang. During this period, neutral hydrogen began to form quasars, stars, and the first galaxies. Astronomers probe this era by searching for characteristic hydrogen signatures from the scattering of photons created by ionized gas clouds.

The team initially identified Himiko among 207 distant galaxy candidates seen at optical wavelengths using the Subaru telescope from the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field located in the constellation of Cetus. They then made spectroscopic observations to measure the distance with the Keck/DEIMOS and Carnegie’s Magellan/IMACS instrumentation. Himiko was an extraordinarily bright and large candidate for a distant galaxy. “We hesitated to spend our precious telescope time by taking spectra of this weird candidate. We never believed that this bright and large source was a real distant object. We thought it was a foreground interloper contaminating our galaxy sample,” continued Ouchi. “But we tried anyway. Then, the spectra exhibited a characteristic hydrogen signature clearly indicating a remarkably large distance—12.9 billion light years!”

“Using infrared data from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope and the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, radio data from the VLA, and X-ray imaging from the XMM-Newton satellite, we were able to estimate the star-formation rate and stellar mass of this galaxy and to investigate whether it contains an active nucleus powered by a super-massive black hole,” remarked James Dunlop a team member at Edinburgh. “We found that the stellar mass of Himiko is an order of magnitude larger than other objects known at a similar epoch, but we cannot as yet tell if the center houses an active and growing black hole.”

“One of the puzzling things about Himiko is that it is so exceptional,” said Carnegie’s Alan Dressler, a member of the team. “If this was the discovery of a class of objects that are ancestors of today’s galaxies, there should be many more smaller ones already found—a continuous distribution. Because this object is, to this point, one-of-a-kind, it makes it very hard to fit it into the prevailing model of how normal galaxies were assembled. On the other hand, that’s what makes it interesting!”

The research is published in the May 10, 2009, issue of The Astrophysical Journal. The work was funded by the NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech, the Department of Energy, and the Carnegie Institution. The research is based in part on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); the Spitzer Telescope, managed by JPL for NASA; the Magellan telescopes operated by a consortium consisting of the Carnegie Institution, Harvard University, MIT, the University of Michigan, and the University of Arizona; and the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, which is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on behalf of the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the UK.